IN TEXT CITATION ANALYSIS

In order to analyze the in-text citations included in the article entitled What’s the Score and Game Plan on Teaming in Schools, A Review of the Literature on Team Teaching and School-Based Problem- Teams (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 35), it was taken into account the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010), for documenting sources stating the most frequently used style within the social sciences.

The revision was written according to the mentioned style. (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan,1999, p 35).

The use of direct quotes to cite the exact words of another author with less than 40 words, written between double quotation marks, mentioning the surname, the year of publishing and the page number is shown as follows: “Qualitative research is “multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter” (Denzin & Lincoln, 1994, p. 2).” Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 39)

 There is a block quotation consisting of a paragraph of more than 40 words, omitting quotations marks and it is placed in an indented free-standing block of text. Moreover, double-line spacing has been used to separate the quote from the text, citing the authors’ last names and the year in brackets at the beginning of the paragraph as it follows:

“Bauwens and Hourcade (1995) used the term cooperative teaching as a broad, overarching umbrella of various instructional configurations two educators might use in a classroom; these authors defined cooperative teaching as a restructuring of teaching procedures in which two or more educators possessing distinct sets of skills work in a co-active and coordinated fashion to jointly teach academically and behaviorally heterogeneous groups of students in educationally integrated settings, that is, in general classrooms. (p. 46)”  

(Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 37)

According to the APA documentation style, every in-text citation should be mentioned in the reference list and every single resource that has been included in the reference list should appear in the body of the paper. That citation is named parenthetical documentation reporting the reader where the information was taken from, they are included in parenthesis in the body of the paper, and they consist of the author’s last name, a comma, and the year of publication. There are several examples in the article as described: “There are a variety of school-based consultation models (West & Idol, 1987)”. (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 37)

Paraphrased citations are used to express the ideas, concepts or words from the work of one or more authors written in other words there are several as the following example: “Citing various editions of Webster’s dictionaries, Dettmer, Thurston, and Dyck (1993) defined teaming as shared efforts in which each member of a group has a defined contribution while subordinating personal prominence to the team. Teaming has also been defined as a group of two or more professionals and/or parents sharing information and expertise in an effort to achieve an objective”. (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 38)

To cite names of authors as part of the narrative, the surname should be followed only by the year of publication in parenthesis as it is shown in this illustration: “Social validity refers to the social and technical acceptability of goals, procedures, interventions, and outcomes (Elliott, 1988; Fawcett, 1991).” (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 40)

When multiple authors are mentioned in running texts, the final name must be preceded by the word “and”, however,  if the names are written between parenthesis the last name is preceded by an ampersand as follows: “Single-subject designs utilize multiple measures to determine if there is a measurable change in the behaviour of one or a small number of individuals following intervention when compared to baseline performance (Tawney & Gast, 1984).” (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 39)

In reference to a work that has two authors, APA style requires mentioning all author names the first time as described above, but for subsequent cites we use only the first author’s last name and the words “et al” as mentioned in the next example: “Thomas et al. (1995) defined teaming as “professional and parental sharing of information and expertise, in which two or more persons work together to meet a common goal” (p. 7).  (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 37)

When a specific part of the authors own article is cited, the number of page, chapter, table, etc. should be supplied as in the following pattern: “A total of 18 articles on SBPSTs met the selection criteria and thus were reviewed. The results are categorized by article type, design, measures, social validity, follow-up, and direction of results in Table 3 A total of 18 articles on SBPSTs met the selection criteria and thus were reviewed. The results are categorized by article type, design, measures, social validity, follow-up, and direction of results in Table 3” (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 41)

Furthermore, a detailed acknowledgement of other authors’ professional background and sources is provided in the References. (Welch, Brownell and Sheridan, 1999, p 47)

In conclusion, it is possible to observe that Brownell, K., Sheridan, S. & Welch, M. have carefully followed APA style for in-text citations and referencing, giving readers access to clear information about the authors’ professional background, as well as, research, analysis and theories giving support to their work free of plagiarism.

  

REFERENCES

Welch, M., Brownell, K., and Sheridan, S. M. (1999). "What’s the Score and Game Plan on Teaming in Schools? A Review of the Literature on Team Teaching and School-Based Problem-Solving Teams". Educational Psychology Papers and Publications. Paper 58. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/edpsychpapers/58

American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6^th ed.). Washington, DC